What statistical term describes the independent measurements taken at different times?

The term that describes independent measurements taken at different times is indeed longitudinal data. Longitudinal data is characterized by the collection of data from the same subjects repeatedly over extended periods. This design allows researchers to observe changes and developments over time, which can be crucial in understanding trends, patterns, and causal relationships in the data.

In contrast, cross-sectional data refers to observations collected at a single point in time from multiple subjects and does not involve repeated measures. Time-series data, while also related to measurements over time, typically refers to observations of a single subject or entity taken at successive points in time, which is different from the concept of independent measurements. Continuous data refers to numerical data that can take any value within a range and does not specifically relate to measurements taken over time.