What is a sample in the context of statistics?

A sample in the context of statistics refers to a subset of individuals selected from a larger population. This concept is foundational in statistical analysis because researchers often want to understand characteristics or behaviors of a population without needing to collect data from every individual within that population. By selecting a representative sample, researchers can make inferences or generalizations about the entire population based on the analysis of that smaller group.

The other options highlight different concepts that are not aligned with the definition of a sample. For instance, a full set of data collected for a study refers to the entirety of the dataset, which is different from a sample that is only a portion of that data. Similarly, the description of all individuals in the population pertains to the complete group from which a sample may be drawn, rather than the sample itself. Lastly, the average of all data values specifically defines a statistical measure (mean) and does not convey the concept of a sample. Understanding this distinction is crucial for effective data analysis and interpretation in statistical research.